Uptian Sinclair And Socialism Essay -- essays research papers

Upton Sinclair and Socialism      Socialism has consistently been difficult for me to comprehend. I never truly got a handle on the idea of it until I read the book The Jungle and started to look into for this paper. Before I start I might want to go through a dense rendition of the historical backdrop of Socialism. It was established in 1901 in Indianapolis, Indiana. Two gatherings met up to frame the Socialists, the Social Democratic Party and the â€Å"Kangaroo† wing of the more established Socialist Labor Party. These gatherings contained for the most part settler laborers from huge urban communities (Jurgis from The Jungle was one such anecdotal laborer). The new party extended and incorporated each sort of radical. They remained on the aphorism of â€Å"reform versus revolution† also, centered principally around the work union’s, â€Å"this incorporated the ideas of upheaval by instruction and of ‘building the new society inside the shell of it’s old.’      In 1912 they had chosen two individuals from Congress and the sky is the limit from there than seventy city hall leaders. The most individuals it each achieved at this time was 100,000 and even had a presidential up-and-comer, Eugene Debs, who got just about a million votes. Anyway soon the gathering started to have interior issues because of differing belief systems. During the war half didn't put stock in the war and half had confidence in Stalin and his Socialist ways, thusly, the gathering split.      The party had gotten powerless and didn't enter a political contender for the presidential political race. Be that as it may, when the Great Sadness started the Socialist party returned a go to maximum capacity and picked up quality. It ran Norman Thomas as their Presidential Applicant. He always lost however kept on running, loosing votes each time he ran. At last in 1948 with just 80,000 votes Thomas proclaimed, â€Å"a Socialist presidential race was a useless exertion and an express misuse of the party’s resources.†      This cautioning was pushed aside and the gathering ran Darlington Hoopes in 1952. He got only 20,203 votes and in the following political race he got just a woeful 2,126 votes in the race of 1956. The Socialist Party in this country had arrived at a smashing last end in terms of decisions. It now just had an immature 2,000 individuals across the country. In 1960, the first run through since 1924 the Socialist party didn't enter a presidential competitor on the voting form.      It was at th... ...d essayist had confidence in the intensity of Socialism during the occasions on the late 1800’s to the mid 1970’s. It was felt that it was the main genuine approach to end the â€Å" armed force of the unemployed†.           Sinclair may have not been an incredible essayist as far as structure or the utilization of imagery . He was progressively inspired by governmental issues instead of the inward reaches of a man’s mind. His character’s needed improvement past a static figure. He had no conventional instruction as a essayist and aside from The Jungle he is barely recalled at all and makes little difference to present day authors. He basically endeavored to make writing useful and express his standards concerning Socialism and maybe convince a couple of more youthful individuals to join. He apparently fizzled to get a handle on the idea of writing in an entire â€Å"reveals life as intricate also, hard to fathom†. He only needed to disentangle it. Notwithstanding all this, he stays a secret, a conundrum to pundits the world round. â€Å"Even inside a bigger acknowledgment of his artistic shortcomings and scholarly inner conflicts, and considering even his visual impairment to racial abuse, Sinclairs’s responsibility to social equity orders respect.† Uptian Sinclair And Socialism Essay - papers investigate papers Upton Sinclair and Socialism      Socialism has consistently been difficult for me to comprehend. I never truly got a handle on the idea of it until I read the book The Jungle and started to inquire about for this paper. Before I start I might want to go through a dense adaptation of the historical backdrop of Socialism. It was established in 1901 in Indianapolis, Indiana. Two gatherings met up to frame the Socialists, the Social Democratic Party and the â€Å"Kangaroo† wing of the more established Socialist Labor Party. These gatherings contained for the most part foreigner laborers from huge urban communities (Jurgis from The Jungle was one such anecdotal laborer). The new party extended and incorporated each sort of radical. They remained on the saying of â€Å"reform versus revolution† also, centered for the most part around the work union’s, â€Å"this incorporated the ideas of upheaval by instruction and of ‘building the new society inside the shell of it’s old.’      In 1912 they had chosen two individuals from Congress and that's only the tip of the iceberg than seventy civic chairmen. The most individuals it each accomplished at this time was 100,000 and even had a presidential applicant, Eugene Debs, who got very nearly a million votes. Anyway soon the gathering started to have inside issues because of different philosophies. During the war half didn't have confidence in the war and half had confidence in Stalin and his Socialist ways, consequently, the gathering split.      The party had gotten frail and didn't enter a political contender for the presidential political race. Be that as it may, when the Great Sadness started the Socialist party returned a go to maximum capacity and picked up quality. It ran Norman Thomas as their Presidential Competitor. He always lost yet kept on running, loosing votes each time he ran. At long last in 1948 with just 80,000 votes Thomas pronounced, â€Å"a Socialist presidential race was a useless exertion and an articulate misuse of the party’s resources.†      This cautioning was pushed aside and the gathering ran Darlington Hoopes in 1952. He got only 20,203 votes and in the following political race he got just a woeful 2,126 votes in the race of 1956. The Socialist Party in this country had reached a smashing last end in terms of races. It now just had an immature 2,000 individuals across the nation. In 1960, the first run through since 1924 the Socialist party didn't enter a presidential applicant on the voting form.      It was at th... ...d author had faith in the intensity of Socialism during the occasions on the late 1800’s to the mid 1970’s. It was felt that it was the main genuine approach to end the â€Å" armed force of the unemployed†.           Sinclair may have not been an extraordinary author as far as structure or the utilization of imagery . He was increasingly intrigued by legislative issues instead of the inward reaches of a man’s mind. His character’s needed advancement past a static figure. He had no proper instruction as a author and with the exception of The Jungle he is scarcely recalled at all and makes little difference to current journalists. He essentially endeavored to make writing utilitarian and express his beliefs concerning Socialism and maybe convince a couple of more youthful individuals to join. He apparently fizzled to get a handle on the idea of writing in an entire â€Å"reveals life as mind boggling what's more, hard to fathom†. He only needed to improve it. Regardless of all this, he stays a puzzle, a mystery to pundits the world round. â€Å"Even inside a bigger acknowledgment of his artistic shortcomings and scholarly indecisions, and considering even his visual deficiency to racial abuse, Sinclairs’s duty to social equity orders respect.†

Charlotte Perkins Gilmanin The Yellow Wallpaper Essay

Charlotte Perkins Gilmanin The Yellow Wallpaper - Essay Example A similar restriction can likewise be perused in The Yellow Wallpaper when the storyteller questioned the treatment by composing: â€Å"But I would prefer not to go there by any stretch of the imagination. I had a companion who was in his grasp once, and she says he is much the same as John and my sibling, just more so!† Because she questioned the physician’s guidance and treatment, Charlotte Perkins Gilman wound up recuperating from her sickness. Before sufficiently long, she composed the â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in 1892 as a method of â€Å"rejoicing by the restricted escape† and â€Å"to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell and persuade him regarding the blunder of his ways†. She conceded that she was â€Å"helped by a savvy friend† to surrender the treatment and proceed with her work. Afterward, in The Yellow Wallpaper, she depicted this individual as a lady who â€Å"creeps† behind the yellow backdrop which empowered her to sink further into franticness or freedom from her present condition. While there are women's activist beliefs reflected in the story, it is generally a result of her encounters having grown up with ladies who thought of liberal thoughts. For Gilman, the objective was to pitch the states of ladies experiencing post birth anxiety during her time. The parallelism of Gilman’s life to that of the storyteller in The Yellow Wallpaper a confirmation that true to life translations of anecdotal works stay to be significant in light of the fact that perusers can have a closer understanding of the author's unique expectation recorded as a hard copy the story.

Lesson from the Hedgehogs Teamwork

Lesson from the Hedgehogs â€" Teamwork It was the coldest winter ever. Many animals died because of the cold.The hedgehogs, realizing the situation, decided to group together to keep warm. This way they covered and protected themselves; but the quills of each one wounded their closest companions.After awhile, they decided to distance themselves one from the other and they began to die, alone and frozen. So they had to make a choice: either accept the quills of their companions or disappear from the Earth. Wisely, they decided to go back to being together. They learned to live with the little wounds caused by the close relationship with their companions in order to receive the heat that came from the others. This way they were able to survive.Author Unknown Submitted by LauraThe best relationship is not the one that brings together perfect people, but when each individual learns to live with the imperfections of others and can admire the other persons good qualities.Hedgehogs

Marketing Plan For Mahindra Xuv500 Essay - 2144 Words

MARKETING PLAN: Purpose of marketing plan: The purpose for building up a marketing plan for Mahindra XUV500 is to set the organization on a particular way in marketing. To begin with and the most imperative reason for existing is to offer solid esteem recommendation for the item. The most ideal approach to start this procedure is by changing the logo and to promote new marketing campaigns. The second motivation behind the promoting strategy concentrates on making Mahindra the market pioneer in the portion of 7-seater SUV by expanding its market share. The marketing objective typically adjusts itself to the more extensive organization targets along with a marketing plan that underscores systems to expand their client base. Realizing marketing offer, expanding client mindfulness, and building a great business picture are a portion of the objectives that can be identified with marketing plan. Following are the things which keeping in mind while the process of this marketing plan report: ïÆ' ¼ Marketing Research ïÆ' ¼ Competition ïÆ' ¼ Market plan strategies ïÆ' ¼ Marketing plan budget ïÆ' ¼ Marketing goals ïÆ' ¼ Monitoring of the marketing plan results Marketing Analysis: According to Marketing plan is a most important aspect for each business plans today whether the business is on small scale or large scale. A Marketing plan includes expressing the goals of the business, after which an appropriate plan is defined to meet the laid out goals. The Mahindra XUV500 has been analyzed in this case, and aShow MoreRelatedCase 11 Mabindra Mabindra B 10337 Words   |  42 PagesCase 11 Mahindra Mahindra (B): An Emerging Global Giant? I have been on record to say that my philosophy of going global is because if you dont succeed abmad or dont have the capacity to succeed abmad and to carve out some turf abroad you are not going to be safe at home [. . .}. If you want to compete with multinationals you have to be a multinational. So that is the logical rationale for going abmad.HI -ANAND G. MAHINDRA, Vice Chairman and Managing Director, Mahindra Mahindra Ltd., in

Character Analysis Of Meursault In The Novel The Stranger

Albert Camus in his novel, The Stranger, shows a genuinely interesting character, Meursault. In the beginning Meursault is depicted to appear as unethical and cruel, through him not showing no grief at his mother’s funeral. However, Camus, throughout the story builds up a considerably more engaging character that portrays more human-like emotions. At the end, Meursault character changes because he leaves off with a sympathetic feel towards him and is left off with thoughtful reflections and revelations, and an interpretive ending. In part two, it is mostly about Meursault being in trial and him begin in prison which makes him self- reflect on himself, yet he can’t quite make an idea. During the trial, Meursault’s faults are exposed and†¦show more content†¦He demonstrates he does care about his life through the use of a metaphor of, â€Å"... a wave of poisoned joy rose in my throat† (110). He uses this phrase because he acknowledges that the joy of being a free man would be watching the execution, but the fact that he’s watching and not be the one being executed is where the joy comes from. It is also shown that he cares about living through his statement of â€Å" †¦ I would make up new laws. I would reform the penal code† (111). He basically wants moral collaboration and what he finds wrong is that even though he is not free, society makes the decision. He wants to know more about the law system and feels that a condemned man should have a chance. Lastly, Meursault tries to comfort himself to have some hope about the appeal. Although he assumes the worst and it leads him to saying , â€Å" But everybody, knows life isnt worth living; it doesnt much matter whether you die at thirty or seventy† (114). He says to ensure himself and rationalize that eventually he will die and it won’t matter what age. He develops a problem, that during the night he waits for dawn because he knows that when its dawn the executors always come and shares â€Å"[He] never liked being surprised† (113). He uses imagery to depict that he is calm with the scene of â€Å" [the] sounds of the countryside were drifting in†¦. the wondrous peace of the sleeping summerShow MoreRelatedTitle and Character Analysis of The Stranger by Albert Camus784 Words   |  3 PagesThe Stranger: Character and Title Analysis In Albert Camus’, The Stranger, the characters in the novel are individually unique in ways that bring out the positive and negative aspects of each other. When examining their traits you get the deeper meaning of things and what they stand for. The major characters in this novel are Meursault, Raymond Sintes, and Marie Cardona. Meursault shows no emotion through everything that goes on in his life such as a death. Raymond Sintes is a rude person and onlyRead MoreLiterary Analysis: How Meursault Is Indifferent in the Stranger, by Albert Camus874 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary analysis: How Meursault is indifferent in The Stranger, by Albert Camus Although Meursault is the title character and narrator of Albert Camus’ short novel The Stranger, he is also a somewhat flat character. His apparent indifferent demeanor may be a convenience to Camus, who mainly wanted to display his ideas of absurdism. And as a flat character, Meursault is not fully delineated: he lacks deep thought and significant change. His purpose is that of a first-person narrator whose actionsRead MoreThe Individual Versus His Environment in The Stranger and Grendel1674 Words   |  7 Pages The Individual Versus His Environment in The Stranger and Grendel Due to the multifaceted nature of literature, analysis thereof is prone to generalization. One of the most grievous generalizations oft encountered involves failing to distinguish between a character and the novel it inhabits. Take John Gardener’s Grendel and Albert Camus’s The Stranger, for instance. It’s far too easy, when analyzing for dominant ideologies, to slap them both with the label of existentialism and be done withRead MoreCrime and Punishment vs. The Stranger1438 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the novels Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky and The Stranger by Albert Camus, sun, heat, and light play a significant role in the development and understanding of the novel and the characters in it. Upon the initial reading of The Stranger, the reader may have a general acknowledgment of a relationship between the novel’s protagonist, Mersault, and the sun and heat, either proceeding or following one of the novels significant events. What is h arder to understand on the first readRead MoreEssay On The Stranger1010 Words   |  5 Pages The Stranger Essay The Stranger by Albert Camus is an analysis of the human psychosis if it was isolated and apathetic. Throughout the story, our protagonist, Meursault, tells the story of his life after his mother’s death and his experiences with everyday routines. Meursault explains to the reader only the surface of what he is feeling; despite that, as a reader, one is able to view his mind directly and closely. Meursault has all the power in this book because it is his life and mind. He is ableRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Stranger 2900 Words   |  12 Pages Curtis Poindexter Professor Slattum English M01B 11 December 2014 Literary Analysis: The Stranger The novel The Stranger is a first-person account of the life of M. Meursault from the time of his mother s death up to a time evidently just before his execution for the murder of an Arab. It was written by Albert Camus in 1942. Meursault however, is not your typical hero of a story; rather an antihero. He is neither good nor bad, and harbors no emotion. He goes through his life with a preconceivedRead MoreThe Paper of the Absurd: a Literary Analysis of the Stranger1772 Words   |  8 PagesThe Paper of the Absurd: A Literary Analysis of The Stranger By: Michael Lovett Advanced Placement English Language and Compositions 5th Period 13th of December, 2010 Michael Lovett In Albert Camus’ existential novel The Stranger, the pointlessness of life and existence is exposed and expounded upon in such a manner that the entire foundation of spirituality is shaken. The concept that drives this novel is one coined by Albert Camus himself, the â€Å"absurd†. Under the absurd, life is pointlessRead MoreThe Existential Movement Of The Stranger Essay1966 Words   |  8 Pagessociety they lived in. Therefore, this struggle to grasp the meaning of life can be seen through an existential light in many novels with authors such as Camus. In Camus’s novel The Stranger, Camus explores the existential ideas of absurdity and authenticity through the actions and ideas of the main character Meursault. Existentialism is the main theme of Camus’s novel The Stranger, which relies heavily on absurdist ideas to assess the meaning of life. However to understand Camus’s meaning of life, oneRead MoreHuman Relations in Camus Novel, The Outsider, from an Existentialist View2123 Words   |  9 PagesThe Outsider novel by Albert Camus from an existentialist view. 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Also, many students choose to take science classes as part of the International Baccalaureate program and have the

Hot zone Free Essays

There are a number of characters in this book, choose one and tell us why you would want to be that person. Throughout this book we are introduced to many interesting and riveting characters but in my opinion one of the best characters in this book would have to be Major Nancy Jaax. She was a veterinarian in the Army, and her work at Fort Detrick in Maryland often took her away from her children. We will write a custom essay sample on Hot zone or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, she often made up batches of meals in advance so they could easily be thawed and reheated in the microwave (Preston, 1994). She and her husband, Jerry, met in college and both became veterinarians. They eventually entered the military together as members of the Army’s Veterinary Corps(Preston, 1994). They lived in Maryland with their two children, Jason and Jaime, and various pets. Nancy’s work took her away from her family in other respects, as well, and she missed saying goodbye to her dying father because she felt that leaving during the decontamination mission would be a dereliction of duty (Preston, 1994). Nancy Jaax had to fight to get into the pathology group at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (Preston, 1994). At that time, her status as a married female† made other people feel that she was unqualified for the Job and that she would panic in a dire situation. The military at that time was still a very male-oriented organization. In addition, Nancy had bad reactions to the vaccinations necessary to enter the program (Preston, 1994). She actually wanted to get into the Level 4, or the highest-risk part of the program, because there is no vaccine for those agents. Finally, Nancy’s hands tended to move very quickly, and that made others nervous (Preston, 1994). When individuals handle sharp instruments that could be contaminated witn virus-intested b everyone wants to believe that his or ner partner is going to handle these instruments safely. Over the course of time, Nancy battled through each of these objections. She studied martial arts to control her movements, and at 5 feet, 4 inches, she could knock a 6-foot-tall man to the ground easily (Preston, 1994). Getting accepted into the program also included her standing up for herself to the colonel in charge of the program (Preston, 1994). She proved her desire and her competency, and by the time of the outbreak at the monkey house in Reston, Nancy Jaax had been promoted to the Chief of Pathology at USAMRIID Preston, 1994). 2. In your opinion did the government react appropriately when they decided to destroy the monkeys in Reston? Why or why not? In my opinion, yes the government did react appropriately when they decided to destroy the monkeys in Reston. The monkeys at a research facility were infected with a strain of Ebola. The military, along with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), takes on the task of entering the monkey house and destroying the animals in an attempt to keep the virus from Jumping into the human population and causing a potentially worldwide crisis (Preston, 1994). The entire facility must be treated as a Hot Zone, and hundreds of monkeys are killed. Scares abound throughout the procedure: one woman’s ventilated suit runs out of battery power, a monkey thought to be unconscious wakes up on the operating table while it is being euthanized and tries to bite a soldier, and tears occur in various members’ space suits How to cite Hot zone, Papers

Innovative Electronicsâ€an Integrative Case Study Essay Example

Innovative Electronics—an Integrative Case Study Essay With social and economic development, the importance of the organizational context is increasingly recognized by people. The context of an organization is represented in or shaped by the structure of the organization (Glushko, 2008). Organizational structure is used to describe the order of various parts of organization, contact information and the interrelationships between the various elements (Robbins, 1990). Simply speaking, organizational context and structure show how the organization is organized. This essay will analyze a case which concerns the organizational context and structure of Innovative Electronics, and give recommendations to change their current situation. Firstly, this essay will describe some background information on Innovative Electronics, and explain the organization of this company. Secondly, it will analyze the problems which should be solved by Innovative Electronics from its external and internal parts. At the same time, some causes which are significant in leading to these problems will be discussed. The following third section regards change and the relevant solutions. Finally, this essay will use a summary to provide some recommendations. 2. Background and Situation Innovative Electronics is a high- technology company located in Europe which is a major subsidiary of an American well-known Fortune 500 company. The parent company involves a number of related areas in many countries and Innovative Electronics plays a key role in its parent company’s core business. Innovative Electronics’ competitive advantages are market-leading core products and high treatment of employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovative Electronics—an Integrative Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Innovative Electronics—an Integrative Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Innovative Electronics—an Integrative Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, because their core products lost their competitiveness in the market, the performance of this company showed a failing trend over the last five years. There are two reasons, on the one hand, the socio-economic environment is becoming more competitive, and on the other hand, Innovative Electronics and its parent company have a lot of their own problems in strategies and organizational structure. The following will describe the companys current strategy and organizational structure. From the perspective of corporate culture, the strategy of the parent company is consistency. From the perspective of management, the parent company insisted Innovative Electronics use the centralized management and research methods. As a US parent company, it maintains the integrity and consistency of the company but ignores the regional differences. In this case, a traditional bureaucratic system was applied to the organizational structure of the parent company and subsidiaries. In other words, subsidiary companies in different regions have to replicate US parent company’s functional structure which is not suitable for specific geographical areas and local culture. Because each department in a company has their respective tasks, thereby, organizational structure is used to distribute appropriate work to different departments (Castledine, 2010). The organizational structure of Innovative Electronics is a functional structure. According to Carnall (1995), this form of organization is designed to set different functions and activities into different departments. To some extent, effective internal coordination and cooperation could be achieved through functional structure. However, it is not conducive to product development. Form another point of view, Innovative Electronics is a rational organization. According to Paton and McCalman (2008), rational organization is defined as an organization in which goals are consistent, decision process is rational, power and control centralized, and information is communicated systematically. Most of the commercial companies belong to this type for it is efficient and effective. Siebert (2010) stated that power and control centralized is the most important feature of rational organization, and this is used to distinguish it from other forms of organization, in other words, the power is always in the top. The problems caused by Innovative Electronics’ organizational structure and strategies will be analyzed in the next section. 3. Problems and Causes 4. 1 External problems and causes The external problems refer to the strategy of the parent company which includes the requirement for consistent corporate culture and organizational structure, and the limitation of funds and resource allocation. For the U. S. parent company, maintaining consistency is beneficial to group management and corporate image (Boddy, 2005). Because of this strategy, Innovative Electronics has to follow the corporations requirements for designing products which are always unsuitable to the mainly European markets. This strategy meant that the subsidiary lost the direction of production and development. Under the guidance of the consistency strategy, the parent company constrains the support of funds and urges them to strengthen cost control and develop centralized research; this also to some extent hampers the research of Localization. Innovative Electronics can not follow the requirements of the local market and the companys own ideas so that they have lost the basic conditions for market share. They do not have new products for the market, for consumers, and this means Innovative Electronics are not continuously attractive. Coupled with the emergence of new competitors, the subsidiary losing their competitiveness is then inevitable. Both the requirements for consistency and lacking of funds and resources support from the parent company are important reasons for the downturn of Innovative Electronics. The parent companys strategy was permeated with a kind of authoritarian consciousness fundamentally. This point is closely related to the internal problems of Innovative Electronics which will be discussed in the following section. 4. 2 Internal problems and causes Internal problems and causes regard the own problems of Innovative Electronics itself, and this section attempts to find the reasons from the internal structure of this company. The most significant problem is the issue of the organizational structure within Innovative Electronics. In this case, as the bureaucratic form of organization, Innovative Electronics is expected to duplicate the functional structure of its US parent company. Hence, the subsidiarys organizational structure reflects the dictatorial and authoritarian ethos almost everywhere. The functional structure of Innovative Electronics is Machine bureaucracy. According to Galbraith and Mintzberg (1993, cited in Martin, 2006), organizational structure could be changed with the change of market environment. Before the recession of Innovative Electronics, the stable environment and limited environmental interaction promoted bureaucratically based structure and centralized decision making, machine bureaucracy and standardization of work processes, which were sufficient to handle the simple and stable market. However, economic development is fast, market competition is fierce, and the market is in a kind of changeable, complex, dynamic situation. The biggest problem is that Innovative Electronics did not realize the organizational structure needed to change, according to the environmental demands of the market. The subsidiary has always maintained bureaucratic organizational structure which exposed it to so many strategic problems. The serious bureaucratic awareness leads to deviation in the development strategy of this company. Initially, maintaining maximum employee benefits is no longer suitable after the beginning of recession. If the labor costs can not be effectively controlled from the perspective of strategy, it is impossible to ensure new technology research and development of products fundamentally. In addition, layoffs occurred in the areas of technical staff and engineers who are responsible for the core business of the company: new product research and development. In this strategy, core competence is weakened dramatically. Furthermore, many problems arise in the Continuous Improvement (CI) program because of deep-rooted bureaucratic organizational structure. The problems CI concerned are not the core issues of this company. The organizational structure which is the most important problem has been neglected. In the process of implementation of CI, change is implemented on the surface. Bureaucracy is still not shaken or changed. For this reason, CI is meaningless. The purpose of CI is to train a group of promising middle- level managers to give some recommendations for the development of the company. However, most of the proposals were not accepted or implemented. The decisions of this company are still made by the powerful CEO. Meanwhile, the senior manager team has too many controls and restrictions over the workings of the CI team, which means CI can not exert its due function. As a result of the resource constraints by the parent company, there also are some problems associated with the allocation of resources between different departments. The working group has not been given incentives in CI, which lead to negative attitudes of team members for this program. It is not difficult to see that the root cause of failure of change is the bureaucratic organizational structure. In addition to this, other problems which related to leadership and staff relations were caused by the bureaucratic organizational context. Firstly, according to Gandz and Murray (1980), when faced with change, people would try to make rational decisions to protect their own self-interest. The new CEO, John Fox realized that the organizational structure of bureaucracy is the biggest reason and problem. However, he chose to avoid the important and dwell on the trivial. He implemented the CI program to seek suggestions widely and to avoid the authoritarian appearance on the surface. However, what he is doing is different from what he has said in the real implementation process. Uncertain and changeable situations provide the greatest scope for political behavior (Siebert, 2010). Senior managers refuse to change, which shows that over-confidence. When the recession occurs, they do not recognize the marketing changes and do not respond promptly. They thought the situation will get better, even if they do nothing. However, the situation is getting worse. Secondly, increasing the value of resources and effective use of available resources require good cooperation and communication between different departments (Boddy, 2005). However, authoritarian decision making leads to mutual distrust between the senior management team and CI working group. Conflicts are aroused because of the allocation of resources among the working group. Communication problems enable employees to take a negative attitude to CI program. Lacking of team camaraderie has become a potential problem. All of these issues create a vicious circle because of the bureaucratic organizational structure. It is time to change it. 4. Change According to Lewins 3 Stage Model (1951, cited in Beaumont and Stewart, 2010), organisational change involves a movement from the old situation to a new state through â€Å"Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze† which means the change process is started by identifying the problems and motivating to change, then move to the change process, and finally the process will be completed when the organization return to stability. . 3 Unfreeze Paton (2010) stated that change needs to challenge the beliefs and old assumptions to break down the existing current situation, and to prevent the problems from continuing to develop. First of all, Innovative Electronics should recognize the reality that changing the bureaucratic organizational structure is essential. Change requires holistic thinking from the str ategy’s point of view, because the basic strategy will influence and be implemented in every aspect of the company (ibid, 2010). Therefore, to change the settings of the organizational structure must be based on changes in bureaucratic awareness. â€Å"Think global at local (Paton, 2010). † In other words, the parent company needs globalization; the subsidiary needs to localize their development. When the parent company implements the global strategy, the characteristics of different markets in different regions can not be ignored. In terms of the overall strategy, the parent company should abandon the bureaucratic sense of thinking and focus on the global, at the same time, guiding the subsidiary towards localization development direction. It is vital to change completely change the bureaucratic, authoritarian, autocratic structure rather than creating a meaningless project which could not have impacts on core problems. However, the first part of the change process is usually the most difficult and stressful, because the company may evoke strong reactions in employees (Petranker and Purser, 2005). Innovative Electronics needs to create the appropriate conditions such as making good communications with parent company, sister companies and internal employees of the company in order to prepare for change. . 4 Change and Refreeze Into the stage of change, Innovative Electronics should start to believe and act in the way that supports the new direction. For maintaining market share and core competence, companies should pay attention to their own strengths and core products; Organizational structure should be changed from rigid, simple and centralized to flexible, complex and decentralized with the changes of economic enviro nment. Change from maximizing the benefits for employees to maximizing the benefits for customers. Appoint a new manager who has courage and insight, and who practices what they preach; it could use the pattern of decentralization and empowerment opportunely to ensure there is no dictatorship. There are two methods to complete these changes. The first one is Organizational Development (OD). When the nature of the company is leading to a failure to achieve the companys goals, it is time to implement OD (Siebert, 2010). According to French (1969), one of the aims of OD is â€Å"finding synergistic solutions to problems†. Likert (1967, cited in Siebert, 2010) explained that one model of OD designs is participative organization. Contrast with exploitative-authoritative model, leadership in participative organizational structure has confidence in their employees, everyone at all levels has responsibility for organizational goals, high standards of performance, strong communication and a substantial amount of effective teamwork will be reflected in this design. The OD process has three levels: individual, group and organizational levels (Siebert, 2010). Innovative Electronics could change their organizational structure from the organizational level to achieve participative organizational structure which is the optimum solution for this company such as appropriate decentralization and empowerment; re-setting department functions; formulating regulations which are related to decision making; adjusting the style and approach of leadership. It is worth noting that Beaumont and Stewart (2010) argued that the OD model is historically the most people-centered, which means the main point of the OD model is changing attitudes and behavior of people. Therefore, the main changes required are at the organizational level, for the real implementation process for this case. The second method uses a Change Agent. It can be seen that the essence of the CI program in this case is an internal change agent. According to Paton and McCalman (2008), the reasons why a company needs a change agent are managers do not know how to identify and solve problems or how to implement solutions. In this case, because of the internal bureaucratic organizational structure of strategy, CI program failed. An external agent could give a more objective and professional point of view to help them complete the change. At the same time, Innovative Electronics needs to pay attention to the expenses of an external change agent. An important issue at this stage is resistance to change. Some employees would be concerned about their own interests or have restless feelings when facing uncertainty, particularly those people who benefit strongly from the original organizational context. Employee participation could reduce the resistance to change (Beaumont and Stewart, 2010). Good leadership, training, coordination or psychological support may be needed in this stage (Hendry, 1996). The final stage of change process is to achieve â€Å"refreeze†. After the establishment of a new organizational structure and context, the company will move to a new stable situation by bring employees back into their familiar and safe environment (Hendry, 1996). For Innovative Electronics, the ongoing support and training is essential. 5. Conclusion This essay attempted to analyze some management problems which are associated with the organizational contexts, organizational structure and strategies of Innovative Electronics. Bureaucratic organizational context and structure is the main problem and also the main reason which causes many problems within the company. Organizational development model and an external change agent may be able to provide solutions for changing the old structure from bureaucratically based structure and centralized decision making to divisional structure and decentralized decision making. Innovative Electronics should implement effective management on their organizational context and structure, in order to guarantee a good foundation for development in the future.

American Flag Protocol on Memorial Day

American Flag Protocol on Memorial Day The American flag is flown at half-staff  anytime the nation is mourning. The proper protocol for flying the American Flag on Memorial Day slightly differs from other occasions when flags are flown at half-staff. On Memorial Day, flags are quickly raised to full-staff position and then slowly lowered to half-staff, where they remain from sunrise until noon to honor the dead servicemen and women of this country. At noon, the flags are raised quickly to full-staff in recognition of living military veterans who served the country. The flags remain at full staff until sunset. Whenever the flag is flown at half-staff, other flags (including state flags) should be removed or flown at half-staff as well. Protocol for Flags Mounted on Homes For flags that cannot be lowered, such as those mounted on homes, an acceptable alternative is to attach a black ribbon or streamer to the top of the flag pole, directly beneath the ornament at the end of the pole. The ribbon or streamer should be the same width as a stripe on the flag and the same length as the flag. If the flag is wall-mounted, attach three black bows along the top edge of the flag- one at each corner and one in the center. Other Occasions When Flags Fly at Half-Staff There are many other occasions when flags are flown at half-staff. No  one other than the president and state governors can order the flag to be flown at half-staff. Occasions include the following: Flags are flown at half-staff  at all U.S. federal buildings, grounds, territories, and Navy ships for 30 days when the current or a former president dies.They are flown at half-staff for 10 days following the death of the vice president, speaker of the House of Representatives, the chief justice or retired chief justice of the Supreme Court.Flags fly at half-staff until the burial of a former vice president, governor of a state, associate justice of the Supreme Court, or the Secretary of a military department.In the Washington, D.C. area, flags are flown at half-staff on the day of and the day following the death of a U.S. senator or representative.The president may order the flag to be flown at half-staff to recognize the death of a great American or non-American. Flags flew at half-staff in 2016 after the death of former first lady Nancy Reagan, in 2013 at the death of Nelson Mandela, in 2005 in recognition of the passing of Pope John Paul II, for King Hussein of Jordan in 1999, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin  in 1995, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1965, among many others. The president may order the flag to be flown at half-staff when a tragic event occurs in the U.S. or elsewhere, including for the victims of the July 2016 attack on police officers in Baton Rouge and for the victims of the August 2016 attack in Nice, France.  In addition to Memorial Day, the flag flies at half-staff on Patriot Day (September 11), Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (December 7), and National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service (Oct 9).

How to Set Up an Amazon Author Central Page in 3 Simple Steps

How to Set Up an Amazon Author Central Page in 3 Simple Steps How to Set Up Your Amazon Author Central Page Indie authors know the pressure of having to set up profiles on every new platform that pops up, promising to help you market and sell your books: Goodreads, Facebook, BookBub, oh my! It definitely adds up. But there’s one major tool that - if you haven’t already signed up for - you absolutely shouldn’t overlook: Amazon Author Central.What is Amazon Author Central?Amazon Author Central is a free tool that authors who have published a book through Amazon can sign up for   - whether they’ve published in print or ebook through Kindle Direct Publishing, or an audiobook through ACX. You can think of an Author Central account as your own private headquarters at today’s largest book retailer.Two of the significant updates that have been announced so far include:The ability for authors to manage their books and profile on all the different Amazon marketplaces from their one account - so they won’t need to log in and out to all of the internatio nal sites.It will also give users access to Amazon Author Insights: a hub of articles with tips on writing, publishing, and marketing.Have you tested out the beta program? Have you already used Author Central to optimize your Author Page? We’d love to hear your thoughts in the comments below!

High-Publicity Sexual Harassment Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

High-Publicity Sexual Harassment Cases - Essay Example As a result, multinationals in America face high lawsuits, drop in employee productivity, loss of worker morale, and possible damage to firms local and international reputation (Harrington, P., & Lonsway, K. A. 2007). These in turn negatively affect the overall economy of the nation.  Despite the facts, recent high profile cases show that companies still overlook the risks and prefer taking chances. For instance, In 2008 Christina Rich received $5 million compensation for workplace sexual harassment. It took only two years and in 2010 David Jones’s CEO faced similar accusations by public relations worker Kristy Fraser-Kirk. Finally, in 2012 Vivienne Dye claims over the same problem against two managers in the banking industry was rejected. The phenomenon reflects a totally unacceptable workplace behavior. It presents the major violation of workers’ rights especially the women. In addition, it is against the federal law and human rights. Some of these impacts are long lasting and significantly affect company’s public image. For example, the case of Dov Charney and the American Apparel Inc. workers in 2014 are fresh on peoples mind. Charney was fired for misuse of company money and posting naked pictures of former female employees who sued him for sexual harassment on the Internet (Ream, A. K. 2014). Considering the occurrences, the acts are inhumane and outdated behaviors that promote moral erosion among the citizens.  An analysis of employee life before and after such incidences shows that the actual impact of sexual harassment on the behavior of the workforce is enormous. Often, the situations are extreme in that, some employees suffer the loss of dignity, humiliation, psychological injury, and damage to professional career and reputation. Unsurprisingly, the victims always have a dilemma to choose between their self-worth and work. In other circumstances, they face the tough decision between their own safety and jobs.

The Evolution of Six Sigma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Evolution of Six Sigma - Research Paper Example However, it means a quality measure that attempts for perfection by eliminating defects in any process (Terry, 2010). As different organizations interpret Six Sigma differently, its definition varies from organization to organization. These variations do not harm the main crux of the approach. At Motorola, Six Sigma is a â€Å"Metric, Methodology and a Management System while according to Six Sigma, it can be defined as three levels of â€Å"Metric, Methodology and Philosophy† (Terry, 2010). The main objective of this approach is â€Å"variation reduction and process improvement through the implementation of measurement-based strategy| (Montgomery & Woodall, 2008) by using Six Sigma improvement projects. Six Sigma’s statistical representation describes the performance of a process quantitatively. For a process to achieve Six Sigma, it should not have more than â€Å"3.4 defects per million opportunities; it has two sub methodologies namely DMAIC and DMADV that helps in achieving its objective† (Montgomery & Woodall, 2008). Six Sigma is an old concept that occupies an essential part in the history of management. The concept since its introduction has developed and improved over the years. This methodology’s evolution is an integral part of what it is today. Its evolution consists of different stages based on the phases of time and developments made in it. To understand the complete evolution process of Six Sigma, it is important to understand each stage. The different stages of evolution are: In the early 1970s, numerous US companies faced extensive loss of business and markets. These losses resulted in motivation for the use of statistical methods to improve quality and business procedure in general. The adoption and use of statistical methods helped US industries to regain their competitiveness in regards of quality. This all resulted in the emergence of numerous management systems

Effects of Ultrasound Therapy on MCL Injuries

Effects of Ultrasound Therapy on MCL Injuries The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the most frequently injured ligaments of the knee joint. Fortunately, most patients who sustain MCL injuries are able to achieve their previous level of activity without the need for surgical treatment. However, the most severe injuries, especially those involving multiple ligaments, may require operative repair. This study will explore the effectiveness of a conservative treatment, namely ultrasound therapy and exercise therapy, in the treatment of MCL injuries of the knee joint. In a review by Phisitkul, James, Wolf, and Amendola (2006), treatment with early range of motion (ROM) exercises and progressive strengthening has been shown to produce very good results. Ultrasound therapy has been a widely used and well-accepted physical therapy modality for musculoskeletal conditions for many years. Wong, Schumann, Townsend, and Phelps (2007) performed a survey about the use of ultrasound by physical therapists who are orthopaedic specialists, and found that ultrasound therapy is a popular adjunct in orthopaedic physical therapy and that it is perceived as important. However, the lack of studies confirming its benefits has led many to question this traditional view. Indeed, many studied which explored the effectiveness of ultrasound therapy failed in establishing a definite conclusion. Nevertheless, it cannot be assumed that this lack of evidence implies that ultrasound therapy is ineffective, and thus further research is needed to establish the adequacy of its use. This study aims at answering the following crucial questions: In patients with MCL injuries of the knee, can ultrasound improve pain, disability and general recovery? Is it more effective than exercise therapy in improving symptoms? An answer to these questions will help to better direct physiotherapy treatment for these patients, and thus optimize recovery. Subsequent chapters will discuss the current literature available on the subject, followed by the methodology used in this study. The results are then presented and analysed. The interpretation of results in the context of previous research will be discussed in the discussion chapter, including the strengths and limitation of the study. Literature Review Ultrasound therapy has become commonly used in soft tissue injuries (Speed, 2001). Research carried out in the past few decades regarding the effects of ultrasound on body tissues will be discussed below. My aim is to review the research available from the past years in attempt to find conclusive and consistent results regarding the effects of ultrasound, and thus to justify the use of ultrasound in the clinical setting, specifically to treatment of medial collateral ligament injuries. As will be discussed in this chapter, when ultrasound enters the body, it is thought to exert an effect on it through thermal and non-thermal mechanisms (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.266). Some of these effects may stimulate healing; however others may be dangerous and may cause damage. Thermal effects of ultrasound As ultrasound waves travel trough body tissues, they cause oscillation of particles, thus converting sonic energy into heat energy. The amount of heat produced will greatly depend upon the intensity given and the rate of energy absorption, but also on certain tissue properties, such as the heat capacity, efficiency of heat transfer, and the tissue distribution and space (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.266). Some authors have suggested pre-heating the area of treatment to achieve a greater increase in tissue temperature (Draper et al 1998a). Living tissue will be affected by an increase in temperature in various different ways. According to Speed (2001), the thermal effects of ultrasound include an increased extensibility in tissues, enhanced blood flow, pain modulation, decreased joint stiffness and muscle spasm, together with a mid inflammatory response. These could explain why a temporary increase in range of motion is observed after ultrasound treatment (Draper et al., 1998b; Knight et al., 2001). Hayes, Merrick, Sandrey and Cordova (2004) studied the extent of heating in tissue at 2.5cm depth and found that 3MHz ultrasound was more effective in heating the tissues at this depth than 1MHz, reaching a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius after 4 minutes. Unfortunately the production of heat may place the patient at risk of a skin burn if applied incorrectly (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.290). Physical effects of ultrasound Cavitation Cavitation is the formation of tiny gas bubbles in the tissues as a result of ultrasound vibration (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.267). Johns (2002) explains how as sound waves travel through the tissues, the characteristic compression and rarefaction causes microscopic gas bubbles present in the tissue fluid to contract and expand. Injury to the cell may occur when these gas bubbles expand and collapse rapidly. Nevertheless, cavitation has been found to occur only when using high intensities, and thus it is unlikely to occur in vivo with therapeutic levels (Nyborg, 2001). However according to a review by Baker, Robertson, and Duck (2001), there are a few studies which suggest the existence of in vivo cavitation. Baker and his colleagues argue that these studies were not replicated and that results obtained may have been due to difficulty with the analysis of B-scan imaging, which were used to measure cavitation. A recent study investigated the method by which cavitation is de tected. The wavelet approach was identified as a new tool for studying bubble cavitation (Zhou, 2008). Cavitation becomes clinically relevant during ultrasound applications in water, as bubbles that form between the skin and the treatment head may block transmission of ultrasonic waves (Ward Robertson, 1996). Acoustic streaming Acoustic streaming may be described as a flow of liquid caused by a generation of pressure along the axis of the beam of energy and on any other structures which reflect it (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.268). There are two types of acoustic streaming: microstreaming and bulk streaming (Duck, as cited in Baker, Robertson Duck, 2001). Bulk streaming occurs in any fluid and develops as the ultrasound beam is propagated, while microstreaming occurs at a microscopic level and is formed as eddies of flow flanking to an oscillating surface (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.268). Unfortunately bulk streaming is much less mechanically powerful, with microstreaming being the only type of acoustic streaming which is able to stimulate cell activity and change membrane permeability (Duck, as cited by Baker, Robertson, Duck, 2001). Microstreaming can produce stress on the cell membrane and wash away any molecules and ions which accumulate outside the cell membrane (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.268). According to Duck (as cited by Baker, Robertson, Duck, 2001), only bulk streaming occurs in vivo, because microstreaming only occurs secondary to cavitation. In vitro studies show increased growth factor production by macrophages (Young and Dyson, 1990a), increased calcium uptake (Mortimer and Dyson, 1988), increased secretion and degranulation of mast cell (Fyfe and Chahl, 1984) and increase cell membrane permeability (McCance and Huether, as cited by Baker, Robertson, Duck, 2001) by microstreaming. This however will have minimal relevance in the clinical se tting if one assumes that cavitation will not occur. Nevertheless, Manasseh, Tho, Ooi, Petkovic-Duran, and Zhu, (2010), suggest that microstreaming which occurs secondary to cavitation will play a role in the action of microbubbles in therapeutic ultrasound. Standing waves Standing waves are formed when reflected sound waves are superimposed with incident waves, and are characterized by high pressure peaks, the antinodes and zones of low pressure known as nodes (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.267-8). Ter Haar and Wyard (1978) put forward that blood cell stasis may occur with ultrasound, with cells forming at half wavelength intervals in the blood vessels at antinodes. These results match those by Dyson, Pond, Woodward, and Broadbent (1974). The latter studied the effect of a stationary wave on blood cell stasis and endothelial damage in blood vessels of chick embryos. The cells form bands half a wavelength apart inside blood vessels. They suggest that under optimum conditions, the minimum intensity of less than 0.5 Wcm-2 at 3 MHz with continuous irradiation is required for stasis to occur. Damage to some endothelial cells of vessels in which stasis has occurred was revealed by an electron microscope. Thus, it is suggested that the treatment head is continuously moved during the treatment to minimize the formation of standing waves (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.268). The effect of ultrasound on repair of body tissues According the following research, ultrasound therapy may have an effect on cells involved in repair of body tissues, including: Levels of prostaglandins and leukotrienes Leung, Ng, and Yip (2004) performed a randomized, case-control study to study the effect of ultrasound during the acute inflammation of soft-tissue injuries. They measured the levels of leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2 in the medial collateral ligament of rats and found that pulsed ultrasound (1:4) applied for five minutes at different durations and intensities may stimulate acute inflammation by increasing the levels of the above mentioned leukotriene and prostaglandin. Release of fibroblast from macrophages Young and Dyson (1990a) studied if ultrasound therapy can increase the release of fibroblast mitogenic factors from macrophages in vitro, and assessed fibroblast proliferation over five days. This study showed an increased secretion of already formed fibroblasts in macrophages at 0.75 MHz ultrasound, which may be caused by permeability changes. On the other hand, at 3 MHz frequency, ultrasound appeared to encourage both the synthesis and secretion of fibroblast mitogenic factors. The reason why these two frequencies cause different effects may be explained by the different physical mechanisms involved. Williams (as cited in Young, 2002, p. 217), argues that cavitation is more liable to occur at lower frequencies, while at a higher frequency heating is more likely. Platelets and ÃŽÂ ²-thromboglobulin Williams, Chater, Allen, Sherwood, and Sanderson (1978) investigated the effect of ultrasound on platelets and established that more ÃŽÂ ²-thromboglobulin, a platelet specific protein, was released by ultrasound therapy. They suggest that this protein is released both by the disruption of platelets by cavitation and by other aggregating agents liberated in parallel with it which cause a release reaction in the adjacent platelets. This however, has not been proved to happen in vivo. Histamine release from mast cells Fyfe and Chahl (1984) suggest that ultrasound applied in the therapeutic range causes a significant increase in degranulated mast cells and thus an increase in histamine release, in rats. They suggest the possibility that ultrasound increases the permeability of mast cells to calcium causing them to degranulate, resulting in an increase in local blood flow. On the other hand, when Hogan, Burke, and Franklin (1982) investigated the change in blood flow in rat muscle on insonation, they found that arterioles vasoconstrict transiently in response to insonation, but improve perfusion after long-term treatment. Increase membrane permeability to calcium Change in the permeability of membranes to calcium has been demonstrated when using therapeutic ultrasound. According to Al-Karmi, Dinno, Stoltz, Crum, and Matthews (1994), applying ultrasound for two minutes will cause a significant boost in ionic conductance in the presence of calcium ions, thus confirming that calcium ions influence the biological effects of ultrasound. Dinno et al. (1989) also used a frog skin model to study the effect of ultrasound on membranes. They argue that the increase in the concentration of calcium ions inside cells which occurs after the application of ultrasound, may decrease the permeability of gap junctions and uncouple cells in the way by which cells differentiate. Therefore, they concluded that ultrasound can affect cell differentiation and consequently histogenesis, and thus its use should be avoided over embryonic tissue. Growth factor secretion Ito, Azuma, Ohta, and Komoriva (2000) applied ultrasound to a co-culture system of human osteoblastic and endothelial cells and studied their effect on growth factor secretion. Their study showed that ultrasound increases the levels of platelet-derived growth factor. This may be the reason for improved fracture healing rate with ultrasound treatment, as discussed later. Fibroblasts and Collagen synthesis Ramirez, Schwane, McFarland, and Starcher (1997), conducted an investigation to determine the effect of ultrasound on the rate of cell proliferation and collagen synthesis by using cultured fibroblasts form the Achilles tendons of neonatal rats. They found an increase in collagen synthesis and rate of thymidine incorporation and DNA content after ultrasound treatment, suggesting that ultrasound stimulates the synthesis of collagen in tendon fibroblasts and cell division after injury. In a more recent study Chiu, Chen, Huang, and Wang (2009), studied the effect of ultrasound on the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts at different frequencies. They applied ultrasound for three minutes daily for three days and found an increase in fibroblast proliferation by both 1 and 3 MHz frequencies, with less stimulation when using 0.5 MHz frequency. Chiu et al., also took into account temperature changes and found a change of only one degree Celsius after insonation, thereby implying that the results observed where due to non-thermal effects. This can be explained by the increase in protein synthesis found to occur in fibroblasts after ultrasound treatment. Harvey, Dyson, Pond and Grahame (1975) suggest that therapeutic ultrasound at 3 MHz frequency and at an intensity of 0.5 2.0 Wcm-2, can directly stimulate protein synthesis in fibroblasts, without any other cells acting as mediators. In fact they attributed this to membrane-associated changes. Nevertheless, the increase in fibroblast proliferation may occur as a result of the effects of ultrasound on macrophages, which release fibroblasts mitogenic factors (Young Dyson, 1990a), as previously discussed. Ultrasound not only stimulates fibroblasts to produce more collagen (Ramirez et al. 1997), but the collagen produced also has a higher tensile strength and is better organized and aggregated. Okita et al. (2009) studied joint mobility and collagen fibril arrangement in the endomysium of immobilized rat soleus muscle, and showed that therapeutic ultrasound may prevent changes in joint mobility and collagen fibril movement which occur with immobility. In contrast, when Larsen, Kristensen, Thorlacius-Ussing and Oxlund (2005) studied the influence of pulsed ultrasound at 3 MHz frequency and different intensities, on the mechanical properties of healing tendons in rabbits, they found greater extensibility after insonation with higher intensities, however there was no significant change of the point of rupture when the tendons were loaded, suggesting that pulsed ultrasound did not improve the mechanical properties of the healing tendons. Angiogenesis Therapeutic ultrasound may also affect the rate of angiogenesis. Young and Dyson (1990b) considered the formation of new blood vessels in full-thickness lesions of flank skin in adult rats and found that by day 5 post-injury, ultrasound treated wounds had developed a greater number of blood vessels, and were thus at a more advanced stage in the repair process. However by the seventh day, there was no significant difference between the groups. Therapeutic mechanism On the basis of these conflicting results, two schools of thought were developed. The evidence-based or factual school considers heat as the only effect of ultrasound therapy and thus emphasise the use of high doses and give little value to low intensity and pulsed treatment. This view is found in most American writing about this subject. On the other hand, the other school of thought is largely European, and is more involved in the biological and mechanical effects of pulsed low-intensity treatments (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p. 269). Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, (2006, p. 269) suggest that clinical studies may be used to investigate which doses produce better outcomes. In vitro studies can provide a dose-response relationship which may provide information about the most effective dose. Nevertheless, effects demonstrated in vitro, such as cavitation and acoustic streaming have not yet been shown to occur in vivo, since it is difficult to produce doses in vivo which are comparable to dose in vitro. They argue that in vitro, ultrasound is applied to only a thin layer of cells, and thus the noted changes do not necessarily occur when applied to a much larger volume of tissue in vivo. Moreover, in vitro the energy is confined to a very small volume and thus the power density will be much higher than in vivo. Therapeutic effects of Ultrasound Ultrasound therapy has been claimed effective in a wide range of clinical conditions, however there are still difficulties in establishing the effectiveness of ultrasound with certainty and in identifying a dose-response relationship, if there is any. Some of the alleged effects of ultrasound include promotion of fracture healing, soft tissue healing, articular cartilage repair, pain relief, increase local blood flow, change the extensibility of scar tissue and for the diagnosis of a stress fracture, and will be discussed below. Fracture healing Ultrasound has been proposed to promote the processes involved in fracture healing and thus increase its rate. Sun et al., (2001) investigated the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on bone cells in vitro, and found a significant increase in osteoblast cell counts and a significant decrease in osteoclast cell count after stimulation, suggesting a positive effect on the bone-healing process. Nolte et al., (2001) also studied the in vitro effects of low intensity ultrasound. The latter used foetal mouse metatarsal rudiments and found an increase in length of the calcified diaphysis, which was significantly greater in the ultrasound treated groups compared to the untreated groups, after 7 days. Therefore they concluded that low-intensity ultrasound directly affects osteoblasts and ossifying cartilage, with consequential more active ossification. Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates the production of Prostaglandin E2 by osteoblasts, both of which are thought to be an essential part of fracture healing (Zhang et al., 2002). Ultrasound stimulation has been found to increase cyclooxygenase-2 expression and to promote bone formation in osteoblast via various signalling pathways (Tang et al., 2006). Together with prostaglandins, nitric oxide is a crucial mediator in early mechanically induced bone formation. Reher et al., (2002), investigated the effect of traditional (1MHz, pulsed 1:4) and a long-wave (45 kHz, continuous) ultrasound on nitric oxide induction and prostaglandin E2 production in vitro, on human mandibular osteoblasts. A control group was set which was treated with sham ultrasound. They found a significant increase in both induced nitrate and prostaglandin E2 production. Long wave ultrasound was found to be more effective than the traditional ultrasound. Other studies suggest that ultrasound may have an effect on the regulation of genes necessary for osteogenesis. Suzuki and his colleagues (2009) studied the typical osteoblastic cell line in the presence or absence of daily low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation at 1.5 MHz frequency, and 30 mW/cm2 intensity, for 20 minutes, for 2 weeks. They concluded that stimulation with these parameters directly affected osteogenic cells, leading to mineralized nodule formation, thus low intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy is likely to have an influence on the activities of osteoblasts in alveolar bone. Clinical studies gave controversial conclusions in this area. In a review, Busse et al., (2002) concluded that evidence form randomised controlled trials suggest that low intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy may significantly reduce the time of fracture healing for non-operatively treated fractures. Five years later, Walker, Denegar, and Preische, (2007) confirmed this finding through another review. Moreover, Della Rocca (2009) reviewed studies about the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment in fracture healing and found a large body of animal and cellular research which shows this to be beneficial in simulating faster normal fracture healing. However, from a review to of randomised controlled trials to determine the effectiveness of low intensity pulsed ultrasound in fracture healing, Busse et al., (2009), concluded that the evidence available has a moderate to very low quality and provides conflicting results. Pain relief There are a very small number of studies which investigate the effectiveness of ultrasound in pain relief. Nevertheless, assuming that ultrasound promotes healing and resolves inflammation, pain should consequently decrease. Levent, Ebru, and Gulis (2009), used a randomised controlled trial to study the effect of ultrasound therapy in knee osteoarthritis. They applied ten sessions of five minutes of continuous ultrasound at 1 MHz to the experimental group and sham ultrasound to the control group to act as a placebo. They assessed pain by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and found that the decrease in pain in the experimental group is statistically significantly more than the control group. Thus they concluded that therapeutic ultrasound can be used effectively as a pain relief modality in patient suffering from knee osteoarthritis. An earlier review by Brosseau et al., (2001), did not show ultrasound as clinically important for pain relief in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome. However, they were unable to draw a conclusion regarding its use due to methodological flaws and limitations in the studies included in this review. Soft tissue injuries Wilkin, Merrick, Kirby and Devor (2004) studied the effect of pulsed ultrasound applied once daily for a week, on the healing of skeletal muscle in eighty rats. The results suggest that pulsed ultrasound as administered did not accelerate or improve regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue after contusion. Similarly, Markert, Merrick, Kirby and Devor (2005), using a randomized controlled trial with rats, found no evidence that specific continuous ultrasound and exercises protocols enhance skeletal muscle tissue regeneration following contusion injury. Takakura et al. (2002) investigated the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the rate of healing of injured medial collateral ligaments of rat knees and found a significant improvement in the mechanical properties on the twelfth day, which however was lost by the twenty-first day. Nevertheless they also observed a larger mean fibril diameter in the ligaments treated with ultrasound, concluding that low intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances the early healing of medial collateral ligament injuries. Ebenbichler et al., (1999) investigated the effect of ultrasound in the treatment of calcific tendinitis. This study suggests better outcomes with ultrasound treatment. Since only patients with calcific tendinitis diagnosed by diagnostic imaging were included in the study, results are more valid than if numerous shoulder pathologies with different cellular process were included. This study was included in the review by Alexander et al., (2010). The latter carried out a review from various electronic databases and identified eight randomised controlled trials out of a total of seven hundred and twenty seven, which met their inclusion criteria. All the studies reviewed focused on shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. They concluded that statistically significant improvements were observed generally in studies which used higher levels of total energy and those who used longer exposure times. They noted favourable outcomes when at least 2,250J per treatment session was applied. This is fur ther suggested by the frequency resonance hypothesis, which suggests that the mechanical energy produced by the ultrasound wave may be absorbed by proteins, altering the structure of individual proteins or changing the function of a multi-molecular complex. Thus it may affect enzymatic proteins, inducing temporary conformational shifts, and thus alter the enzyme activity and cell function. This hypothesis implies that different frequencies will cause unique resonant or shearing forces which will therefore have specific effects at cellular and molecular levels (Johns, 2002). Thus further reviews should address different parameters used in different studies, in attempt to establish effective doses. Blood flow Noble, Lee, and Griffith-Noble (2007) applied ultrasound at 3 MHz frequency and 1 Wcm-2 for 6 minutes to assess its effect upon cutaneous blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry. They also measured skin temperature. They concluded that cutaneous blood flow increased significantly with ultrasound even though no significant changes in temperature had occurred. Nevertheless, blood flow changes in skeletal muscles have not yet been established. Robinson and Buono (1995), investigated the effect of continuous ultrasound on blood flow using 1.5 Wcm2 intensity for 5 minutes and found no significant change in skeletal muscle blood flow. Wound healing Other authors have studied the healing rates varicose ulcers by ultrasound and found more marked healing of insonated ulcers (Dyson, Franks, Suckling, 1976). However more recent studies suggest that ultrasound does not have an influence on the acceleration of healing or final stage of the wound healing (Dolibog, Franeki, Taradai, Blaszczak, Cierpka, 2008). Different findings may be attributed to the different nature of the injuries studied and the different way by which the effectiveness of ultrasound is assessed. Diagnosis of stress fractures Romani and his colleagues (2001), were some of the few people who investigated the effectiveness of ultrasound therapy in the diagnosis of stress fractures. They used 1 MHz of continuous ultrasound therapy in twenty-six subjects with pain in the tibia since less than 2 weeks. Each subject completes a visual analogue scale after each different intensity was applies to assess the pain response to ultrasound. An MRI was taken to ascertain the diagnosis. However none of those who were found to have a stress fracture by MRI were correctly diagnosed by ultrasound. Following this review of literature, it is suggested that there may be a specific therapeutic window for ultrasound therapy. Conflicting results were obtained, possibly due to the different doses and frequencies used in various studies, indicating the need for further future research to identify the most effective parameters. Fortunately, none of the studies reviewed mentioned any negative effects on patients, making ultrasound a relatively safe modality when precautions are taken, and thus would make an important physiotherapy modality if its use is justified.

Investment Property Essay

The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for investment property and related disclosure requirements. Investment property is property (land or a building—or part of a building—or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for: (a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or (b) sale in the ordinary course of business. A property interest that is held by a lessee under an operating lease may be classified and accounted for as investment property provided that: (a) the rest of the definition of investment property is met; (b) the operating lease is accounted for as if it were a finance lease in accordance with IAS 17 Leases; and (c) the lessee uses the fair value model set out in this Standard for the asset recognised. Investment property shall be recognised as an asset when, and only when: (a) it is probable that the future economic benefits that are associated with the investment property will flow to the entity; and (b) the cost of the investment property can be measured reliably. An investment property shall be measured initially at its cost. Transaction costs shall be included in the initial measurement. The initial cost of a property interest held under a lease and classified as an investment property shall be as prescribed for a finance lease by paragraph 20 of IAS 17, ie the asset shall be recognised at the lower of the fair value of the property and the present value of the minimum lease payments. An equivalent amount shall be recognised as a liability in accordance with that same paragraph. The Standard permits entities to choose either: (a) a fair value model, under which an investment property is measured, after initial measurement, at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss; or (b) a cost model. The cost model is specified in IAS 16 and requires an investment property to be measured after initial measurement at depreciated cost (less any accumulated impairment losses). An entity that chooses the cost model discloses the fair value of its investment property. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. An investment property shall be derecognised (eliminated from the statement of financial position) on disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of investment property shall be determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and shall be recognised in profit or loss (unless IAS 17 requires otherwise on a sale and leaseback) in the period of the retirement or disposal.

John Adams, Facts and Brief Biography

My Goals For My Internship - 844 Words

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